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Our Enemies in Blue

Notes: Chapter 7

Secret Police, Red Squads, and the Strategy of Permanent Repression

  1. Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 1-2.
  2. Riot control strategies are discussed in the next chapter.
  3. Quoted in Peter Bollen, Great Labor Quotations: Sourcebook and Reader (Los Angeles: Red Eye Press, 2000), 13.
  4. Samuel Yellen, American Labor Struggles, 1877-1934 (New York: Pathfinder, 1936), 59.
  5. Quoted in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, I 492-Present (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 264.
  6. inn, People's History, 265. See also: Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 208.
  7. Henry David, The History of the Haymarket Affair: A Study in the American Social-Revolutionary and Labor Movements (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1936), 528. The Knights of Labor, for example, issued a statement that "the Knights of Labor have no affiliation, association, sympathy, or respect for the band of cowardly murderers, cut-throats, and robbers, known as anarchists." Quoted in Foster Rhea Dulles and Melvyn Dubofsky, Labor in America: A History (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1984), 188-189.
  8. Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books, 1972), 47.
  9. Quoted in Bruce C. Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs: A Social History of Chicago Anarchists, 1870-1900 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 190.
  10. Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, 190.
  11. Joseph G. Rayback, A History of American Labor (New York: The Free Press, 1966), 168-169.
  12. Among other questionable features, the jury contained members who admitted to prejudices against the defendants. Rayback, History of American Labor, 167~168.
  13. Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 275.
  14. Quoted in Nelson, Beyond the Martyrs, 192-193.
  15. Quoted in Avrich, Haymarket Tragedy, 283.
  16. Quoted in Yellen, Labor Struggles, 69.
  17. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 14-20.
  18. Quoted in Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 15.
  19. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 20.
  20. Alan Wolfe, The Seamy Side of Democracy: Repression in America (Reading, MA: Longman, 1978), 6.
  21. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 1.
  22. Frank Kitson, Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency, Peace-Keeping (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1971), 49.
  23. Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities [Church Committee], final Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, 94th Congress, 2d sess., 1976, Book II, 1.
  24. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 10-11. Donner's book Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Repression in Urban America is commonly recognized as the single best history of the subject, and much of the discussion here is drawn from his work.
  25. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 31.
  26. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 1-2.
  27. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 30.
  28. Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement (Boston: South End Press, 1990), 22.
  29. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 35-36.
  30. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 36-37.
  31. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 3.
  32. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 62-63.
  33. Donner, Protectors of PrivilegE, 57-59.
  34. Frank Donner, "Theory and Practice of American Political Intelligence," New York Review of Books, April 22, 1971, 29.
  35. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 91.
  36. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 66-69.
  37. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 260.
  38. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 93-95,
  39. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 233.
  40. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 318 and 330.
  41. "In the early years of [the twentieth] century, police gathered information from informers planted by private agencies, employers' associations, and patriotic groups. By the thirties, big-city police had begun to recruit their own informers from the private sector and acted as the spy's 'handlers,' 'contacts,' or 'controls,' only rarely themselves resorting to impersonation, dissembling loyalties, and the fabrication of cover identities. It was one thing to have an agent as an independent contractor to do the dirty work of spying, but quite another for a public servant to do it himself. But in the sixties, police, not only in Chicago and New York but in smaller cities - San Diego, Houston. Oakland, New Orleans, and Columbus, to name a few - went underground, and the 'undercover agent' became commonplace." Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 69-70.
  42. Donner, "Theory and Practice," 33.
  43. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 169.
  44. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 260.
  45. American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), Program on Government Surveillance and Citizens' Rights, The Police Tbreat to Political Liberty: Discoveries and Actions of the American Friends Service Committee Program on Government Surveillance and Citizens' Rights (Philadelphia: AFSC, 1979), 12.
  46. Ford Fessenden and Michael Moss, "Going Electronic, Denver Reveals Long-Term Surveillance," New York Times, December 21, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/202/12/12/technology21PRIV.html (accessed December 21, 2002); Sarah Huntley, "Greens Criticize Cops for Spy files," Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO), September 6, 2002, http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/Iocal/articIe/0,12299,DRMN1_5_1401560,00.html (accessed December 11, 2002); and, Sarah Huntley, 'Spy file' Backlog Has Police Hopping," Rocky Mountain News (Denver, CO), September 5, 2002, http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,129'),DRMN_15_13741600.00 (accessed December 11, 2002).
  47. AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty, 27.
  48. Donner, "Theory and Practice," 32.
  49. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 221.
  50. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 207-208. Parentheses in original.
  51. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 209-210 and 217.
  52. Quoted in Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, The COININTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Win Against Domestic Dissent (Boston: South End Press, 1990), 92.
  53. Church Committee, final Report, Book II, 10.
  54. Church Committee, final Report, Book III, 220-223.
  55. Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers, 143.
  56. Quoted in Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers, 135-136.
  57. Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers. l39-140.
  58. Churchill and Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers, 141-142.
  59. Churchill and Vander Wall, Agents of Repression, 88.
  60. Churchill and Vander Wall, Agents of Repression, 90.
  61. Quoted in Kamal Hassan, "Justice Too Long Denied," ZMagazine. November 1997, 10.
  62. Amnesty International, "USA: New Evidence In Murder Case Could End 25 Years of Injustice for Former Black Panther Leader." http://web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/index/AMR510121997 (accessed December 12, 2002). Also: Hassan, "Justice," 10.
  63. Quoted in Don Terry, "Los Angeles Confronts a Bitter Racial Legacy in a Black Panther Case," New York Times. July 20, 1997.
  64. Dickey reasoned that information about Butler's connection to law enforcement might have influenced the jury's decision. His thinking seems to have been sound; Jeanne Rook Hamilton, a juror from the case said, "If we had known about Butler's background, there's no way Pratt would have been convicted." Quoted in Terry, "Los Angeles."
  65. Ji Jaga sued the federal government and the city of Los Angeles and settled for $4.5 million. Todd S. Purdum, "Ex-Black Panther Wins Long Legal Battle," New York Times, April 27, 2000.
  66. AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty, 14-15.
  67. Church Committee. Final Report, Book II, 81.
  68. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 158.
  69. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 144.
  70. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 86-88, 389.
  71. Church Committee, Final Report, Book II, 5.
  72. Quoted in AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty, 66-67.
  73. AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty, 50.
  74. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 272-273.
  75. Quoted in Ben Jacklet, "The Secret Watchers," Portland (OR) Tribune, September 13, 2002.
  76. Ben Jacklet and Anna Skinner, "The Wild, the Weird and the Plain Silly," Portland (OR) Tribune, September 13, 2002.
  77. Ben Jacklet, "'It Should Be Noted...," Portland (OR) Tribune, September 17, 2002. See also: Ben Jacklet, "A Legacy of Suspicion," Portland (OR) Tribune, September 20, 2002.
  78. Other biases also come into play, especially those concerning race and ethnicity. For example, in a 1972 report on the annual Rose Festival, Portland police sergeant Wayne Inman notes with alarm, "An abnormally high percentage of those attending carnivals are blacks and a substantial portion of blacks are normally involved in criminal activity... The Carnival provides an excellent opportunity for these undisciplined blacks to gather and perform their antisocial acts within the anonymity and safety of the crowd." Quoted in Jacklet, "Legacy."
  79. This tendency has been especially pronounced in police campaigns against the civil rights and labor movements. See chapters 4 and 5.
  80. Donner, Protectors ofPrivilege, 286 and 359. "These [right-wing] organizations are prized by intelligence agencies because they share the basic intelligence assumption that the country is in the grip of a wide-spread subversive conspiracy. Intelligence agents and informers use the platform and publications of the far right to document this thesis with 'inside' information." Donner, "Theory and Practice," 29.
  81. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 146-150.
  82. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 358.
  83. AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty, 105; and Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 297.
  84. AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty, 4142.
  85. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 217-220.
  86. Wolfe, Seamy Side of Democracy, 37-38 and 51.
  87. Quoted in Donner, "Theory and Practice," 36.
  88. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 190-191.
  89. Zinn, People's History, 478.
  90. Center for Research on Criminal Justice, The Iron fist and the Velvet Glove: An Analysis of the U.S. Police (Berkeley, CA: Center for Research on Criminal Justice), 118.
  91. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 196, 239-242, 350-353, 288-289, 298, 305, 319, 344, 346.
  92. Quoted in Kristian Williams, "Ken Lawrence: New State Repressions [Interview]," Portland (OR) Alliance, April 2000.
  93. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 240.
  94. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 354-355.
  95. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 297.
  96. AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty, 78.
  97. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 267.
  98. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 284.
  99. It seems that Falk acted alone - though, oddly, the files were never reported missing. After his death in 1987, the files moldered until 2002 when they were discovered and given to reporters working for the Portland Tribune. Jacklet, "Secret Watchers." The Tribune's five-part exposé is available at http://www.portlandtribune.com
  100. Jacklet, "It Should Be Noted;" and Ben Jacklet, "In Case You Were Wondering ...," Portland (OR) Tribune, September 27, 2002.
  101. Jacklet, "It Should Be Noted."
  102. Quoted in Jacklet, "Legacy." Parentheses in original.
  103. Jacklet, "Legacy;" Jacklet, "Secret Watchers;" Jacklet, "It Should Be Noted."
  104. Jacklet, "Secret Watchers."
  105. Quoted in Jacklet, "Secret Watchers."
  106. Ibid.
  107. Quoted in Abdeen Jabara, "The Anti-Defamation League: Civil Rights and Wrongs," Covert Action Quarterly (Summer 1993): 28-31.
  108. Subsequent lawsuits cost the ADL nearly $11 million. Barbara Ferguson, "ADL Found Guilty of Spying by California Court," Arab News (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia), April 25, 2002, http://www.arabnews.com/Article.asp?ID=14650 (accessed April 25, 2002).
  109. Donner, Protectors ofPrivilege, 357-358.
  110. Brian Glick, "The Face of COINTELPRO," foreword to The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Domestic Dissent by Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall (Boston: South End Press, 1990), xii. Emphasis in original.
  111. See, for example: Jim Redden, "City finds that FBI Ties Are Blinding Ones," Portland (OR) Tribune, September 17, 2002.
  112. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 30-31.
  113. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 57.
  114. Quoted in Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 154.
  115. Alliance to End Repression et all v. City of Chicago et al. U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. (January 11, 2001).
  116. I can speak of this incident from my own experience. At the time of my arrest, I had been trampled by a horse, beaten with batons, and kicked repeatedly by officer Michael Shemash. My wrist had then been cut by the cop removing my flex-cuffs. I was bleeding and blacking out; I asked repeatedly for medical attention. But before taking me to the hospital, the police interrogated me at length about political matters. At times there were as many as seven cops in the cell with me, asking questions.
  117. Alliance to End Repression v, City of Chicago. U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois. (December 21, 2000), 3.
  118. My own testimony was dismissed thus: "Williams appeared credible on the stand, but his actions suggest a significant hostility toward the police." Alliance to End Repression v. City of Chicago (December 21, 2000), 20.
  119. See, for example: Paul Rosenberg, "The Empire Strikes Back: Police Repression of Protest from Seattle to L.A.," LA Independent Media Center, August 13, 2000, http://www.r2kphilly.org/pdf/empire-strikes.pdf (accessed March 18, 2003).
  120. These movements, generally overlooked by the media of the time and forgotten by textbooks since, constitute what Howard Zinn termed "The Unreported Resistance." Zinn, People's History, 589-618.
  121. B. Hillard, "Spies, Lies, and Videotape: One Man's Campaign Against Political Surveillance," The Progressive, September 1991, 30-31.
  122. Quoted in Mitzi Waltz, "Policing Activists: Think Global, Spy Local," Covert Action Quarterly (Summer 1997): 27.
  123. Michael Larson. Criminal Intelligence Report (City of Portland, Oregon: Bureau of Police, February 16, 1999), 6.
  124. Judi Bari Website, "Brief History of the Judi Bari Bombing Case." http://www.judilmri.org/#History (accessed December 10, 2002).
  125. Catherine Komp, "Justice for Judi! A Free Speech Victory," Clamor, November/December 2002, 61.
  126. Most of the blame fell on three of the seven defendants. Former Oakland police lieutenant Michael Sims and retired FBI agents John Reikes and Frank Doyle were together held responsible for $4.1 million. One defendant, an FBI agent, was cleared. Mike Geniella, " Bari Juror Explains Verdicts, Marathon Deliberations," Press Democrat, June 14, 2002, http://www.judilmri.org/jurors_talk.htm1 (accessed December 10, 2002).
  127. Quoted in Geniella, "Bari Juror."
  128. Mary Nunn. Quoted in Nicholas Wilson, "Juror Talks about the Bari vs. FBI Trial," Albion Monitor, July 16, 2002, http://www.monitor.net/monitor/0207a/judibaritrial13.html (accessed December 10, 2002).
  129. AFSC, Police Threat to Political Liberty. 48-49.
  130. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 238.
  131. Ten ofthe eleven people killed were Black. Milton Coleman, "The Move Disaster: Life Before, The Politics After," Washington Post, May 26, 1985 [database: NewsBank Full-Text Newspapers. accessed December 12, 2002].
  132. Quoted in Donner, Protectors of Privilege. 238.
  133. Debbie Goldberg, "City Found Liable in Attack on MOVE," Washington Post, June 25, 1996 [database: NewsBank Full-Text Newspapers, accessed December 12, 2002].
  134. Frank Morales, "The Militarization of the Police," CovertAction Quarterly (Summer 1999): 47.
  135. Both quoted in Bill Peterson, "Huge fire Destroys House of Philadelphia Radicals." Washington Post, May 14, 1985 [database: NewsBank Full-Text Newspapers, accessed December 12, 2002].
  136. Michael Moss and Ford Fessenden, "New Tools for Domestic Spying, and Qualms," New York Times, December 10, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/10/national/10PRIV.html (accessed December 11, 2002).
  137. The acceleration of JTTF expansion has been intense, especially compared to its slow start. The first JTTF was formed in New York in 1980. Chicago followed a year later. During the following fifteen years, nine JTTFs were added, bringing the total to eleven in 1996. Then, between 1996 and 2001, the number of Task Forces more than tripled; thirty-five JTTFs existed on the morning of September 11 , 2001. "Twenty-one: were added in the following year. As of 2006, the total stands at 101. Patrick Daly, "On Counter Terrorism: Statement of Patrick Daly, Assistant Special Agent in Charge, Chicago Division, before the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, financial Management, and Intergovernmental Relations." http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/daly07022002.html (accessed December 11, 2002). Robert J. Jordan, "On Information Sharing Initiatives: Statement for the Record, before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts," http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/jordan041702.html (accessed December 11, 2002). J. T. Caruso, "On Combating Terrorism: Protecting the United States; Statement for the Record, before the House Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations," http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress02/caru50032102.html (accessed December 11, 2002). Federal Bureau of Investigations, "Partnerships and Information Sharing," http://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/transformation/partnerships.htm (accessed November 16, 2006).
  138. Jim McGee, "An Intelligence Giant in the Making: Anti-Terrorism Law Likely to Bring Domestic Apparatus of Unprecedented Scope," Washington Post, November 4, 2001 [database: News Collection from Dialog@CARL, accesssed November 11, 2001].
  139. Quoted in Dave Mazza, "President Signs New Anti-Terrorism Bill Into Law," Portland (OR) Alliance, November 2001.
  140. For a comparison of the Palmer Raids and ongoing immigrant detentions, see: David Cole, "The Ashcroft Raids," Amnesty Now, Spring 2002, http://Www.amnestyusa.org/usacrisis/ashcroftraids.html (accessed December 11, 2002).
  141. For an overview of the Patriot Act and its legal ramifications, see: Nancy Chang, "The USA Patriot Act: What's So Patriotic About Trampling on the Bill of Rights?," Covert Action Quarterly (Winter 2001): 14-18.
  142. American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU], "USA Patriot Act Boosts Government Powers While Cutting Back on Traditional Checks and Balances: An ACLU Legislative Analysis," http://archive.aclu.org/congress/110101a.html (accessed December 22, 2002).
  143. Mazza, "President Signs New Anti-Terrorism Bill."
  144. ACLU, "USA Patriot Act."
  145. Ibid.
  146. Ibid.
  147. Mazza, "President Signs New Anti-Terrorism Bill."
  148. "These information sharing authorizations effectively put the CIA back in the business of spying on Americans: Once the CIA makes clear the kind of information it seeks, law enforcement agencies can use tools like wiretaps and intelligence searches to provide data to the CIA. In fact, the law specifically gives the Director ofCentral Intelligence-who heads the CIA-the power to identify domestic intelligence requirements." ACLU, "USA Patriot Act."
  149. John Ashcroft. Quoted in Eric Lichtblau et al., "Response to Terror: Justice Dept. to Tighten Focus on Terrorism Law," Los Angeles Times, November 9, 2001 [database: News Collection from Dialog@CARL, accessed November 11, 2001].
  150. Richard W Stevenson, "Signing Homeland Security Bill, Bush Appoints Ridge as Secretary," New York Times, November 26, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/26/politics/26Bush.html (accessed November 28, 2002).
  151. President Bush outlined these responsibilities when signing the legislation: "first, this new department will analyze intelligence information on terror threats collected by the CIA, the FBI, the National Security Agency and others. The department will match this intelligence against the nation's vulnerabilities - and work with other agencies, and the private sector, and state and local governments to harden America's defenses against terror. "Second, the department will gather and focus all our efforts to face the challenge of cyberterrorism, and the even worse danger of nuclear, chemical, and biological terrorism. This department will be charged with encouraging research on new technologies that can defeat these threats in time to prevent an attack. "Third, state and local governments will be able to turn for help and information to one federal domestic security agency, instead of the more than 20 agencies that currently divide these responsibilities. This will help our local governments work in concert with the federal government for the sake of all the people of America. "Fourth, the new department will bring together agencies responsible for border, coastline, and transportation security. There will be a coordinated effort to safeguard our transportation systems and to secure the border so that we're better able to protect our citizens and welcome our friends. "Fifth, the department will work with state and local officials to prepare our response to any future terrorist attack that may come..." "President Bush Signs Homeland Security Act Remarks by the President at the Signing of H.R. 5005, the Homeland Security Act of 2002" Press Release (November 25, 2002), www.whitehousegov/news/release/2002/11/20021125-6.html, (accessed December 21, 2002).
  152. Human Rights Watch, "U.S. Homeland Security Bill: Civil Rights Vulnerable and Immigrant Children Not Protected," http://wwwhrw,org/press/2002/11/homeland1121.html (accessed December 11, 2002).
  153. Jennifer Van Bergen, "Homeland Security Act: The Rise of the American Police State (Part III of a 3-Part Series)," Truthout, December 4, 2002, http://www.truthout.org/docs_02/12/03B.jub.hsa.3.html (accessed December 11, 2002). The legal expansion of government power must be understood in the context of its simultaneous technological advance. For an overview of the surveillance technology in use, see: European Union. Parliament. Scientific and Technical Options Assessment. An Appraisal of the Technologies of Political Control: Updated Executive Summary Prepared as a Background Document for the September 1998 Part-Session (September 1998), www.curoparl.eu.int/dg4/stoa/en/publi/166499/execsum.htm, (accessed August 2, 2000). The Homeland Security Act allegedly put the brakes on two of the administration's most controversial proposals. Operation TIPS, through which everyday citizens could report on the suspicious activities of their friends and neighbors, was explicitly barred by the law; nevertheless, it is being implemented at the state and local levels. Nat Hentoff, "Ashcroft's Shadowy Disciple: Someone to Watch Over Us," Village Voice, November 15, 2002, http:l/www.villagevoice.com/issues/0247/hentoff.php (accessed December 11, 2002). Likewise, the work of the Total Information Awareness program, which would have been responsible for developing and employing computer technology to compile vast digital files about individual Americans, has been divided between two distinct agencies. The Pentagon is developing new data mining technology and the Directorate of information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection is collecting the actual information and maintaining the files. Linda S. Heard, "Spies, Snitches and Eyes in the Sky," Counter Punch, December 10, 2002, http://www.counterpunch.org/heard1210.html (accessed December 11, 2002).
  154. Quoted in Center for Constitutional Rights [CCR], "The State of Civil Liberties: One Year Later; Erosion of Civil Liberties in the Post 9/11 Era; A Report Issued by the Center for Constitutional Rights," http://www.ccr-ny.org/whatsnew/civiLliberties.asp (accessed December 11, 2002), 2.
  155. CCR, "State of Civil Liberties," 3; and Lichtblau et al., "Response to Terror."
  156. Interestingly, the police themselves have proven resistant to this idea, citing the damage it could do to their relations with immigrant communities (and, in some cases, pointing to laws to the contrary). For example, the Arizona State Police and the San Jose city police immediately announced that they would not enforce immigration laws. American Civil Liberties Union, "Ashcroft Uses Local and State Police to Enforce Complex Immigration Laws; ACLU Warns Move Will Erode Immigrants' Willingness to Cooperate with Police," http://www.aclu.org/NationalSecurity/nationalSecurity.cfm?ID= 10689&c=112 (accessed December 10, 2002). Months earlier, police in San Francisco, San Jose, Detroit, Portland (OR), and elsewhere refused to assist the Justice Department in interviews of Middle Eastern men. Joseph Rosc, "Portland Police Say No to Ashcroft," Oregonian, November 21, 2001; Fox Butterfield, "Police are Split on Questioning of Mideast Men," New York Times, November 22, 2001, http://www.newyorktimes.com (accessed November 23, 2001); and, Meg Jones, "Campus Police Refuse to Interrogate," Milwaukee/ournal Sentinel, December 7, 2001, http://www.jsonline.com/news/state/dec01/3578.asp (accessed December 10, 2002).
  157. David Cole, "Trading Liberty for Security After September 11," Foreign Policy in Focus Polity Report, http://www.fpiforg/papers/post9-11_body.html (accessed December 12, 2002).
  158. "State ofC ivil Liberties," 3. Parentheses in original.
  159. Offering a dramatic example, a federal appeals court overturned a year-old rule that had declared a broad range of immigration proceedings off-limits to the public. The Court wrote: "democracies die behind closed doors." Quoted in CCR, "State of Civil Liberties," 4.
  160. While government surveillance of the populace has only increased, every effort has been made to make the state's activities less transparent-classifying increasing amounts of information and refusing to release many public records. Alsa Solomon, "Things We Lost in the fire: While the Ruins of the World Trade Center Smoldered, the Bush Administration Launched an Assault on the Constitution," Village Voice, September 11~September 17, 2002, http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0237/solomon.php (accessed September 27, 2002).
  161. Quoted in Heard, "Spies, Snitches and Eyes."
  162. CCR, "State of Civil Liberties," 4.
  163. CCR, "State of Civil Liberties," 3.
  164. Cole, "Trading Liberty." For an overview of the detentions, tribunals, USA Patriot Act, Homeland Security Bill, and violations of attorney-client privilege, see: Michael Ratner, "Making Us Less Free: War on Terrorism or War on Liberty?" http://www.humanrightsnow.org (accessed December 10, 2002). For a detailed discussion of immigrant detentions, see: Human Rights Watch, "United States: Presumption of Guilt; Human Rights Abuses of Post-September 11 Detainees," http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/us911 (accessed December 2002).
  165. Cole, "Trading Liberty."
  166. CCR, "State of Civil Liberties," 7;-and Lichtblau et al., "Response to Terror." According to the new rules, if they cannot be deported, non-citizens suspected of terrorism can be held indefinitely. In the worst case, this suggests the possibility of life imprisonment without trial. ACLU, "USA Patriot Act."
  167. Cole, "Trading Liberty."
  168. Ibid.
  169. James Sterngold, "Iranians Furious Over INS Arrests: Abuse Alleged After Men Agreed to Register in L.A.," San Francisco Chronicle, December 21, 2002 [database: News Bank Full-Text Newspapers, accessed December 21, 2002]. Behrooz Arshadi reports similar conditions. Behrooz Arshadi, "Treated Like a Criminal: How the INS Stole Three Days of My Life," The Progressive, March 2003, 22-23.
  170. Quoted in Nita Leyveld and Henry Weinstein, "INS Arrest Numbers Inflated, U.S. Says: Officials Accuse Groups of Exaggerating figures Involving Immigrants from Muslim Communities," Los Angeles Times, December 20, 2002 [database: NewsBank Full-Text Newspapers, accessed December 21, 2002].
  171. Megan Garvey et al., "Hundreds Are Detained After Visits to INS: Thousands Protest Arrests of Mideast Boys and Men Who Complied with Order to Register," LosAngeles Times, December 19, 2002 [database: NewsBank Full-Text Newspapers, accessed December 21, 2002].
  172. Chisun Lee, "Spooky Goofs: Indications of Serious Flaws in a 9-11 FBI Flop," Village Voice, August 28, 2002-September 3, 2002, http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0235/lee.php (accessed December 12, 2002).
  173. Quoted in Lee, "Spooky Goofs."
  174. Donner, Protectors of Privilege, 3-4.
  175. Kitson, Low Intensity Operations, en passim; and, Ken Lawrence, The New State Repression (Chicago: International Network Against New State Repression, 1985), 2.
  176. Kitson, Low Intensity Operations, 67.
  177. Donner, "Practice and Theory," 35. See also: Lawrence, New State Repression, 2-3.
  178. Lawrence, New State Repression, 3.