I have tried to thoroughly document my source in the end notes, and I see no need to reproduce those efforts in this bibliography. Instead, I list the works I found most useful in my research, and briefly comment on them where necessary.
I begin with sources on general topics, then list those remaining, roughly following the structure of the text. There is a certain amount of unavoidable overlap between categories, but in the interest of space I have kept repetition to a minimum. The principle of organization is this: a source is assigned to the chapter for which it has the greatest significance, and then placed in the narrowest applicable topic section. For example, though I quoted from it throughout the text, Rodney Stark's book Police Riots is listed only once, under the heading for chapter 8 ("Riot Police or Police Riots?") in the subsection titled "Crowd Control Models." By this reasoning, it follows that a reader looking for information on the Haymarket Affair should start by looking in the "Haymarket" section among the sources for chapter 7, but she would also do well to consider the sources listed under "Red Squads" (also in chapter 7) and "Labor History" (from chapter 5).
I have focused here on print sources, rather than trust internet material to remain stable from one day to the next. Moreover, I have given special priority to books, as these tend to be of more general use than the numerous magazine, newspaper, and journal articles appearing in the notes. The best articles are usually anthologized anyway; where practical, I have grouped short works together under the entries for the relevant anthologies. Unfortunately, I must warn you that many of the best books are out of print and hard to come by. (That said, I managed to lay my hands on all the material l cite, so it is possible. My advice is that you ask a public librarian about inter-library loan; our public institutions are sometimes much better than we realize.)
It will be observed that the majority of authors I cite are men, usually academics or police administrators. This is emphatically not the result of intentional selection on my part, but reflects the overall composition of the field. It is often useful to see what insiders have to say, especially about such an insular and, at times, secretive institution as the police - however, I have tried in the text to include the voices of those who are excluded from and marginalized by the institutions of social power. I have continued that effort in this bibliography.
It will also be noted that I have relied almost exclusively on secondary sources. Partly this was a practical expedient, suited to the scope of the argument. But it brings with it an additional advantage: none of my conclusions rely on the discovery of some new fact, only on a re-interpretation of what is already known. If the facts are agreed upon, those who would fault my conclusions will be forced, it is hoped, to engage my arguments.
Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States, 1492-Present. New York: HarperPerennial, 1995.
Clearly written and engaging, this book presents American history "from below," emphasizing the experiences of Native Americans, African Americans, women, workers, and other oppressed peoples.
Chambliss, William J. Power, Politics, and Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.
Currie, Elliott. Crime and Punishment in America . New York: Metropolitan Books, 1998.
The two works listed here are each short, readable volumes demolishing the conventional wisdom about crime, its causes, the law, its enforcement, the effectiveness of prisons, and related topics.
The typical police history focuses on one city and covers a century or less. If it pays attention to the early period, it traces in minute detail the gradual replacement of the night watch with the modern institution. If it discusses the latter part of the nineteenth century or the first half of the twentieth century, it focuses on the interplay between official corruption and reform efforts. There are variations of scope and emphasis, but that is the standard formula.
Bacon, Selden Daskan. The Early Development of the American Municipal Police: A Study of the Evolution of Formal Controls in a Changing Society. 2 vols. PhD diss., Yale University, 1939. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International [facsimile ] , 1986.
While very dry, Bacon's dissertation presents an exhaustive account of early police systems leading up to the modern form. One is tempted to say that the account is too exhaustive, but it offers a goldmine of details for anyone willing to dig.
Bayley, David H. "The Development of Modern Policing." In Policing Perspectives: An Anthology, edited by Larry K. Gaines and Gary W. Cordner. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co., 1999.
Fogelson, Robert M. Big-City Police. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
This is the most readable of the histories listed in this section. It traces the course of reform efforts to the early 1970s.
Greenberg, Douglas. Crime and Law Enforcement in the Colony of New York 1691-1776. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976.
Harring, Sidney. Policing a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities, 1865-1915. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1983.
Harring emphasizes the class-control aspect of the early police institution, overshadowing consideration of other features.
Lane, Roger. Policing th e City: Boston, 1822-1885. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Monkkonen, Eric H . Police in Urban America, 1860-1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Monkkonen provides excellent coverage of the public-welfare junctions of the police at the turn of the twentieth century.
Reynolds, Elaine A Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1 720-1830. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Richardson, James F. The New York Police: Colonial Times to 1901. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Richardson, James F. Urban Police in the United States. Port Washington, NY: National University Press and Kennikat Press, 1974.
Robinson, Cyril D . and Richard Scaglion. "The Origin and Evolution of the Police Function in Society: Notes Toward a Theory. " Law and Society Review 21.1 (1987).
Rousey, Dennis C. Policing the Southern City: New Orleans, 1805-1889. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
Schneider, John C. Detroit and the Problem of Order, 1830-1880: A Geography of Crime, Riot, and Policing. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980.
Steinberg, Allen. The Transformation of Criminal Justice: Philadelphia, 1800-1880. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
Steinberg's analysis centers on the end of private prosecution, rather than the modernization of policing. Nevertheless, the book paints a fascinating picture of nineteenth century city politics.
Gilje, Paul A. Rioting in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders [The Kerner Commission]. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders.
New York Times edition. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1968. Oliver, Melvin, et al. "Anatomy of a Rebellion: A Political-Economic Analysis." In Reading Rodney King: Reading Urban Up rising, edited by Robert Gooding-Williams. N ew York: Routledge, 1993.
Petersilia, Joan and Allan Abrahamse. "A Profile of Those Arrested." In The Los Angeles Riots: Lessons for the Urban Future, edited by Mark Baldassare. Boulder, C O : Westview Press, 1994.
Porter, Bruce and Marvin Dunn. The Miami Riot of 1980: Crossing the Hounds. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1984.
Sears, David O. "Urban Rioting in Los Angeles: A Comparison of 1965 with 1992." In The Los Angeles Riots: Lessons for the Urban Future, edited by Mark Baldassare. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
Simmons, Charles E. "The Los Angeles Rebellion : Class, Race, and Misinformation." In Why L.A. Happened: Implications of the '92 Los Angeles Rebellion, edited by Haki R. Madhubuti. Chicago: Third World Press, 1993.
Reliable information on police violence is altogether rare. For reasons I discuss in chapter 1, reporting is incomplete and the presentation of data often downplays both the level of violence and its prevalence. Nevertheless, the most comprehensive studies available are supplied by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ and the National Institute of Justice, www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/. (Unfortunately, given recent attempts to control government information, the future value of these agencies is impossible to predict.) Another resource for similar information is the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, www.ncjrs.org.
Bittner, Egon. "The Capacity to Use Force as the Core of the Police Role." In The Police and Society: Touchstone Readings, edited by Victor E. Kappeler. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1999.
Human Rights Watch. Shielded from Justice: Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States. New York: Human Rights Watch , 1998.
Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department [The Christopher Commission]. Report of the Independent Commission on the Los Angeles Police Department. July 9, 1991.
Justice Department. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Contacts Between Police and the Public: Findings from the 1999 National Survey, by Patrick A. Langan, et al. February 2001.
Justice Department. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Policing and Homicide, 1976-98: Justifiable Homicide by Police, Police Officers Murdered by Felons, by Jodi M . Brown and Patrick A. Langan. March 2001.
Justice Department. Bureau of Justice Statistics with National Institute of Justice. National Data Collection on Police Use of Force, by Tom McEwan. April 1996.
Justice Department. Bureau of Justice Statistics with National Institute of Justice. Use of Force by Police: Overview of National and Local Data. Washington, D.C.: October 1999.
This Justice Department document contains several reports, including: Kenneth Adams, "What We Know About Police Use of Force"; Joel Garner and Christopher Maxwell, "Measuring the Amount of Force Used by and Against the Police in Six Jurisdictions"; and Mark A. Henriquez, "IACP National Database Project on Police Use of Force.
Fyfe, James T "Police Use of Deadly Force: Research and Reform." In Policing Perspectives: An Anthology, edited by Larry K. Gaines and Gary W. Cordner. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co., 1999.
Justice Department and National Institute of Justice. The Measurement Police Integrity, by Carl B. Klockars, et al. May 2000.
Justice Department and National Institute of Justice. Police Attitudes Toward Abuse of Athority: Findings from a National Survey, by David Weisburd, et al. May 2000.
Kappeler, Victor E., et al. " Breeding Deviant Conformity: Police Ideology and Culture." In The Police and Society: Touchstone Readings, edited by Victor E. Kappeler. Prospect Heights, It: Waveland Press, Inc., 1999.
Westley, William A. "Violence and the Police." In Police Patrol Readings, edited
by Samuel G. Chapman. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1964.
Emsley, Clive. The English Police: A Political and Social History. London: Longman, 1991.
Miller, Wilbur R . "Police Authority in London and New York, 1830-1870." The Journal of Social History (Winter 1975).
Reynolds, Elaine A. Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720-1830. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Stead, Philip John. The Police in Britain. New York: Macmillan, 1985.
Until quite recently, the slave patrols have occupied one of those almost-forgotten corners of our nation's story. As a result, relatively few historians have appreciated their role in the development of policing.
Dulaney, W. Marvin. Black Police in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Hadden, Sally E . Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Henry, H.M. The Police Control of the Slave in South Carolina. PhD diss., Vanderbilt University. Emory, VA, 1914.
Though his dissertation provides solid information on the subject, Henry's racist commentary tarnishes an otherwise excellent source.
Reichel, Philip L. "Southern Slave Patrols as a Transitional Police Type. " In Policing Perspectives: An Anthology, edited by Larry K. Gaines and Gary W. Cordner. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co., 1999.
Rousey, Dennis C . Policing the Southern City: New Orleans, 1805-1889. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
Wade, Richard C. Slavery in the Cities: The South, 1820-1860. London: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Wintersmith, Robert F Police and the Black Community. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books - D.C. Heath and Co., 1974.
Banfield, Edward C. and James Q. Wilson. City Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and the M.I.T. Press, 1963.
Fogelson, Robert M. Big-City Police. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
See note under "General Topics: Police Histories."
Fosdick, Raymond B. American Police Systems. New York: Century Co., 1920.
Richardson, James F Urban Police in the United States. Port Washington, NY: National University Press, 1974.
Steinberg, Allen. The Transformation of Criminal justice: Philadelphia 1800-1880. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
See note under "General Topics: Police Histories."
Tilly, Charles. "War Making and State Making as Organized Crime." In Bringing the State Back In, edited by Peter B. Evans, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Tilly doesn't directly discuss urban political machines, but he does articulate a theoretical perspective on government racketeering.
The moral panic accompanying urbanization arose from multiple factors and produced complex results. Thus, many of the sources below pay little immediate attention to policing but describe nineteenth-century standards of public order in detail.
Coontz, Stephanie. The Social Origins of Private Life: A History of American Families, 1600-1900. London: Verso, 1991.
Harring, Sidney. Policing a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities, 1865-1915. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press, 1983.
See note under "General Topics: Police Histories."
Hindus, Michael Stephen. Prison and Plantation: Crime, justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1768-1878. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
Lane, Roger. "Crime and Criminal Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts." The journal of Social History (Winter 1968).
Schneider, John C. Detroit and the Problem of Order, 1830-1880: A Geography of Crime, Riot, and Policing. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980.
Silver, Allan. "The Demand for Order in Civil Society: A Review of Some Themes in the History of Urban Crime, Police, and Riot." In The Police: Six Sociological Essays, edited by David J. Bordua. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976.
Stansell, Christine. City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1869. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Allen and Unwin, 1930.
Fry, Gladys-Marie. Night Riders in Black Folk History. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975.
Centering on the fear of the supernatural and its use as a means of intimidation, this study recounts the experiences of Black people as recorded in their folk tales and preserved through the oral tradition. Particular attention is given to comparisons between the slave patrols and the Ku Klux Klan.
Hadden, Sally E . Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Hennessey, Melinda Meek. To Live and Die in Dixie: Reconstruction Race Riots in the South. PhD diss., Kent State University, 1978. University Microfilms International.
Jackson, Kenneth T. The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1 930. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.
Novick, Michael. White Lies, White Power: The Fight Against White Supremacy and Reactionary Violence. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995.
Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.
Bayley, David H. and Harold Mendelsohn. Minorities and the Police: Confrontation in America. New York: The Free Press, 1969.
Harris, David A., Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work. New York: The New Press, 2002.
Justice Department. Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by Police, 1999, by Erica Leah Schmitt, et al., March 2002.
Justice Department. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Lifetime Likelihood of Going to State or Federal Prison, a special report prepared by Thomas P. Bonczar and Allen T. Beck. March 1997.
Reed, Ishmael. "Another Day at the Front: Encounters with the Fuzz on the American Battlefront." In Police Brutality: An Anthology, edited by Jill Nelson. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2000.
Reed, a Black man, recounts his own experiences with racial profiling.
Wise, Tim. " Racial Profiling and Its Apologists." Z Magazine (March 2002).
Berry, Mary Frances. Black Resistance, White Law: A History of Constitutional Racism in America. New York: The Penguin Press, 1994.
Cagin, Seth and Philip Dray. We Are Not Afraid: The Story of Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney and the Civil Rights Campaign for Mississippi. New York: MacMilIan Co., 1988.
Feagin, Joe R. and Harlan Hahn. Ghetto Revolts: The Politics of Violence in American Cities. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1973.
*A politically sophisticated sociological study, this volume provides an important antidote to the myopia of government commissions.
Hampton, Henry, et al. Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1 950s through the 1980s. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
The companion volume to the documentary series Eyes on the Prize, this book consists primarily of interviews with people who participated in or witnessed the major events of the civil rights movement.
Misseduc Foundation, Inc. Mississippi Black Paper. New York: Random House, 1965.
The Black Paper collects affidavits concerning the treatment of African Americans in Mississippi and the suppression of the civil rights movement there. It is thus a worthy historical document, but slow reading.
Newton, Huey P War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America. PhD diss., University of California-Santa Cruz, 1980. New York: Harlem River Press, 1996
Brecher, Jeremy. Strike! Boston: South End Press; 1972.
Green, James R. The World of the Worker: Labor in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Hill and Wang, 1980.
Selvin, David F. A Terrible Anger: The 1934 Waterfront and General Strikes in San Francisco. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996.
Yellen, Samuel. American Labor Struggles, 1877-1934. New York: Pathfinder, 1936.
Mayo, Katherine. Justice to All: The Story of the Pennsylvania State Police. New York: GP Putnam's Sons, 1917.
A reply to The American Cossack, in defense of the state police.
Pennsylvanian State Federation of Labor. The American Cossack. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1971.
This volume collects evidence against the Pennsylvania State Constabulary, including affidavits, newspaper articles, and legislative debate. Unfortunately, the documents are more piled together than organized, making for a clumsy presentation.
Smith, Bruce. Police Systems in the United States. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1940.
Smith, Bruce. Rural Crime Control. New York: Institute of Public Administration, 1933.
Smith, Bruce. The State Police: Organization and Administration. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1925.
Bittner, Egon . "The Quasi-Military Organization of the Police." In The Police and Society, edited by Victor E. Kappeler. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 1999.
Fogelson, Robert M. Big-City Police. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1977.
See note under "General Topics: Police Histories."
Lundman, Richard J. Police and Policy: An Introduction. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1980.
Richardson, James F. Urban Police in the United States. Port Washington , NY: National University Press and Kennikat Press, 1974.
Banfield, Edward C. and James Q. Wilson. City Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and the MIT Press, 1963.
Hays, Samuel P. "The Politics of Reform in Municipal Government in the Progressive Era." Pacific Northwest Quarterly Quly 1964).
Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
This unwieldy collection of notes includes a detailed analysis concerning the nature of bureaucracy.
Weinstein, James. The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State: 1900-1918. Boston: Beacon Press, 1968.
Algernon D. Black. The People and the Police. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1968.
Black served as the chair of the short-lived New York Civilian Complaint Review Board.
Bopp, William J., editor. The Police Rebellion. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1971.
Contains William J. Bopp, "The Police Rebellion"; Seymour Martin Lipset, "Why Cops Hate Liberals - And Vice Versa"; Ed Cray, "The Politics of Blue Power"; Max Gunther, "Cops in Politics: A Threat to Democracy?"; William J. Bopp, The New York City Referendum on Civilian Review"; William J. Bopp, "The Detroit Police Revolt"; and William J Bopp, "The Patrolmen in Boston."
Braverman, Harry. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
Braverman barely mentions the police, but his work informs my discussion of class status.
Levi , Margaret. Bureaucratic Insurgency: The Case of Police Unions. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1977.
Lyons. Richard L. "The Boston Police Strike of 1919." The New England Quarterly (June 1947).
Reiner, Robert. The Blue-Goated Worker: A Sociological Study of Police Unionism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Reiner concentrates on the English police, but much of his analysis of their position and fit function in capitalist society is applicable in the U. S. context as well.
Russell, Francis. A City in Terror- 1 9 1 9-Th e Boston Police Strike. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
Skolnick, Jerome H. The Politics of Protest: Violent Aspects of Protest and Confrontation; A Report Submitted by Jerome H. Skolnick [The Skolnick Report; Report of the Task Force on Violent Aspects of Protest and Confrontation to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence], Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1969.
Alex, Nicholas. Black in Blue: A Study of the Negro Policeman. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969.
Dulaney, W Mcu·vin. Black Police in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Crouch, Colin and Ronald Dore. "Whatever Happened to Corporatism?" In Corporatism and Accountability: Organized Interests in British Public Life, edited by Colin Crouch and Ronald Dore. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.
Schmitter, Philippe C. "Still the Century of Corporatism?" The Review of Politics 36 (1974).
Schmitter's paper is the best introduction to corporatism I've seen, explaining its origins, its basic principles, and its various types.
Smith , Martin J. Pressure, Power and Policy: State Autonomy and Policy Networks in Britain and the United States. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993.
Szczech, Clayton. "Beyond Autonomy or Dominance: The Political Sociology of Prison Expansion." Undergraduate thesis, Heed College (2000).
This thesis offers a clear and empirically based explanation of prison expansion. At the same time, it goes some distance toward resolution of the "state autonomy vs. class dominance" debate.
Tilly, Charles. Coercion: Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990s.
Avrich, Paul. The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1984.
David, Henry. The History of the Haymarket Affair: A Study in the American Social-Revolutionary and Labor Movements. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, Inc., 1936.
Nelson, Bruce C. Beyond the Martyrs: A Social History of Chicago's Anarchists, 1870-1900.
New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988.
Rayback, Joseph G. A History of American Labor. New York: The Free Press, 1966.
Kitson, Frank. Low Intensity Operations: Subversion, Insurgency, Peace-Keeping. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1971.
Kitson's book should be required reading for every radical. Not only does he offer a clear view of repression and state strategy, he also has a good grasp on how and why insurrections succeed or fail. He thus has a much better understanding of the revolutionary process than do most would-be revolutionaries.
Lawrence, Ken. The New State Repression. Chicago: International Network Against New State Repression, 1985.
This pamphlet serves as a kind of cheater's guide on political repression, translating the technical literature into clear and digestible prose without dumbing it down. I've cited the original here, but there is also a 2006 edition available from Tarantula Publishing and Distribution (www.socialwar.net).
Wolfe, Alan. The Seamy Side of Democracy: Repression in America. Reading, MA: Longman, 1978.
American Friends Service Committee. Program on Government Surveillance and Citizens' Rights. The Police Threat to Political Liberty: Discoveries and Actions of the American Friends Service Committee Program on Government Surveillance and Citizens' Rights. Philadelphia: AFSC, 1979.
Donner, Frank. Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Donner's book is without question the defining text on the history of the red squads, recounting their exploits and misadventures from the 1880s to the 1980s.
Donner, Frank. "Theory and Practice of American Political Intelligence. "The New York Review of Books (April 22, 1971).
Paul Rosenberg, 'The Empire Strikes Back: Police Repression of Protest from Seattle to L.A." Los Angeles Independent Media Center (August 13, 2000), http://www.r2kphilly.org/pdf/empire-strikes.pdf [accessed March 18, 2003].
Rosenbergs essay catalogues the tactics used against antiglobalization protesters from the November 1999 WTO meeting in Seattle to the August 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. It provides a good synopsis of recent dirty tricks - the ones we know about.
Churchill, Ward and Jim Vander Wall. Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. Boston: South End Press, 1990.
Churchill, Ward and Jim Vander Wall. The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Domestic Dissent. Boston: South End Press, 1990.
Churchill and Vander Wall present, analyze, and contextualize select documents stolen from the FBI's office in Media, Pennsylvania.
United States. Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities [Church Committee]. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities. 6 vols. 94th Congress, second session. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976.
Authoritative documentation of government crimes.
Glick, Brian. War at Home: Covert Action Against US. Activists and What We Can Do About It. Boston: South End Press, 1989.
*Though I don't cite it in the text, I cannot neglect to mention Glicks' War at Home. This brief, inexpensive book touches on the history of political repression and describes some of the tactics police still use. Its real virtue, though, lies in its practical advice about fighting repression. There is no telling how many people this book has helped keep out of jail.
ACLU Washington. Out of Control: Seattle's Flawed Response to Protests Against the World Trade Organization. July 2000. www.aclu-wa.org/ISSUES/police/WTO-Report.html [viewed August 2000).
McCarthy, R.M. and Associates. An Independent Review of the Word Trade Organization Conference Disruptions in Seattle, Washington; November 29-December 3, 1999. San Clemente, CA: July 2000.
Seattle City Council. WTO Accountability Review Committee, Report of the WTO Accountability Review Committee. September 14, 2000.
Seattle Police Department. The Seattle Police Department After Action Report: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference: Seattle, Washington, November 29-December 3, 1999. April 4, 2000.
Della Porta, Donnatella and Herbert Reiter, eds. Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
This collection features studies of crowd control in the U. S. and Europe. It includes: Donnatella della Porta and Herbert Reiter, "Introduction: The Policing of Protest in Western Democracies"; Robert Reiner, "Policing, Protest, and Disorder in Britain"; Clark McPhail, David Schweingruber, and John McCarthy, "Policing Protest in the United States: 1960-1995"; and, PAJ Waddington, "Controlling Protest in Contemporary Historical and Comparative Perspective."
Leach, Eugene L. "The Literature of Riot Duty: Managing Class Conflict in the Streets, 1877-1927." Radical History Review (Spring 1993).
Stark, Rodney. Police Riots: Collective Violence and Law Enforcement. Belmont, CA: Focus Books, 1972.
Stark's discussion ranges more broadly than the title would suggest, with attention to general issues of police brutality, organization, ideology, and reform. It stands among the very best books written about the police.
Ali, Tariq and Susan Watkins. 1968: Marching in the Streets. New York: The Free Press, 1998.
Using photographs, period artwork, and historical vignettes, Ali and Watkins offer a day-by-day review of the year's events.
Fraser, Ronald, et al. 1968: A Student Generation in Revolt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988.
Gilje, Paul A Rioting in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Mailer, Norman. Miami and the Siege of Chicago: An Informal History of the Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1968. New York: The World Publishing Co., 1968.
Walker, Daniel. Rights in Conflict: Chicago's 7 Brutal Days. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1968.
The definitive account of the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders [The Kerner Commission]. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder. New York Times edition. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co., 1968.
National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence [The Eisenhower Commission]. To Establish Justice, To Insure Domestic Tranquillity: Final Report on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. Washington, D.C.: GPO , 1969.
President's Commission on Campus Unrest [The Scranton Commission]. The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1970.
Center for Research on Criminal Justice. The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove: An Analysis of the US. Police. Berkeley, CA: Center for Research on Criminal Justice, 1975.
This classic text of radical criminology anticipated many developments that have since reached fruition. While clearly a product of its time, much of its analysis remains relevant today.
Kraska, Peter B. and Victor E. Kappeler. "Militarizing American Police: The Rise and Normalization of Paramilitary Units." In The Police and Society, edited by Victor E. Kappeler. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 1999.
Kraska, Peter B., ed. Militarizing the American Criminal Justice System: The Changing Roles of the Armed Forces and the Police. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001.
(This brief and useful anthology includes several highly critical discussions of militarization: Peter B. Kraska, "The Military-Criminal Justice Blur: An Introduction"; Peter B. Kraska, "Crime Control as Warfare: Language Matters"; Charles J. Dunlap, Jr., "The Thick Green Line: The Growing Involvement of Military Forces in Domestic Law Enforcement" {Dunlap is an Air Force colonel, and an outspoken opponent of military involvement in domestic policing.]; Matthew T. DeMichele and Peter B. Kraska, "Community Policing in Battle Garb: A Paralklx or Coherent Strategy?"; and, Peter B. Kraska, "Epilogue: Lessons Learned."
Parenti, Christian. Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis. London: Verso, 1999.
Urban Warrior. Directed by Matt Ehling. ETS Pictures, 2002. Videocassette.
Weber, Diane Cecelia. "Warrior Cops: The Ominous Growth of Paramilitarism in American Police Departments." Cato Institute Briefing Papers 50 (August 26, 1999).
Despite the limits of its conservative libertarian ideology, the Cato Institute has produced a solid overview of police militarization.
Cordner, Gary W. "Elements of Community Policing. " In Policing Perspectives: An Anthology, edited by Larry K. Gaines and Gary W. Cordner. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co., 1999.
Goldstein, Herman. "Toward Community-Oriented Policing: Potential, Basic Requirements, and Threshold Questions." Crime and Delinquency (January 1987).
Kappeler, Victor E., ed. The Police and Society. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 1999.
*This anthology contains some of the most insightful articles written about community policing: Michael E. Buerger and Lorraine Green Mazerolle, "Third-Party Policing: Theoretical Aspects of an Emerging Trend"; Carl B. Klockars, "The Rhetoric of Community Policing"; and, Vidor E. Kappeler, "Reinventing the Police and Society: The Spectacle of Social Control."
Kappeler, Victor E. and Peter B. Kraska. "A Textual Critique of Community Policing: Police Adaption to High Modernity." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 21:2 (1998).
Skolnick, Jerome H. and D avid H. Bayley. The New Blue Line: Police Innovation in Six American Cities. New York: The Free Press, 1986.
United States Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Assistance. Understanding Community Policing: A Framework for Action, by Community Policing Consortium. NCJ 148457. August 1994.
Bratton, William with Peter Knobler. Turnaround: How America's Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic. New York: Random House, 1998.
Walker, Samuel. "'Broken Windows' and Fractured History." In Policing Perspectives: An Anthology, edited by Larry K. Gaines and Gary W. Cordner. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co., 1999.
Wilson, James Q. and George L. Kelling. "Broken Windows." Atlantic Monthly (March 1982).
Abel, Richard L., ed. The Politics of Informal Justice. Vol. 2 , Comparative Studies. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
The second volume of this collection is the single best source on alternative justice, providing a survey of systems around the world. It includes: Richard L Abel, "Introduction"; Udo Reifner, "Individualistic and Collective Legalization: The Theory and Practice of Legal Advice for Workers in Prefascist Germany"; Heleen F P. Ietswaart, "The Discourse on Summary Justice and the Discourse of Popular Justice: An Analysis of Legal Rhetoric in Argentina"; Jack Spence, "Institutionalizing Neighborhood Courts: Two Chilean Experiences"; Boaventura de Sousa Santos, "Law and Revolution in Portugal: Twilhe Experiences of Popular Justice After the 25th of April 1974"; and, Barbara Isaacman and Allen Isaacman, "A Socialist Legal System in the Making: Mozambique Before and After Independence."
Feenan, Dermot, ed. Informal Criminal Justice. Aldershot, England: Ashgatel Dartmouth, 2002.
This collection examines informal justice systems in a variety of contemporary contexts. It includes sources I cite below in the discussions of South Africa and Northern Ireland.
Longmire, Dennis R. "A Popular Justice System: A Radical Alternative to the Traditional CriminaUustice System." Contemporary Crises 5 (1981).
Longmire presents straightforward alternatives to the police, the courts, and the prisons - in short, to the entire criminal justice system as it now exists.
Michalowski, Raymond J. "Crime Control in the 1980s: A Progressive Agenda." Crime and Social Justice 19 (Summer 1983).
Goodman, Mitchell, ed. The Movement Toward a New America: The Beginnings of a Long Revolution. Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1970.
A treasury of articles and artwork reprinted from the underground papers of the late 1960s, this book documents the individuals, groups, ideas, and events of the time. While well suited for browsing, it unfortunately lacks an index, thus making it very difficult to find information on any particular topic.
Hampton, Henry, et al. Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s. New York: Bantam Books, 1990.
See note under "Chapter 4: Cops and Klan, Hand in Hand: The Civil Rights and Black Power Movements."
Nelson. Harold A. "The Defenders: A Case Study of an Informal Police Organization." Social Problems (Fall 1967).
Newton. Huey P. War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America. PhD diss., University of California-Santa Cruz, 1980. New York: Harlem River Press, 1996.
Seale, Bobby. Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. New York: Random House, 1970.
Seale, Bobby. "Bobby Seale Explains Panther Politics: An Interview." In The Black Panthers Speak. edited Philip S. Foner. Da Capo Press, 1995.
Sims, Charles R. and William A. Price. "Armed Defense." In Black Protest: 350 Years of History, Documents, and Analyses, edited by Joanne Grant. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1968.
Williams, Robert F Negroes with Guns. Edited by Marc Schleifer. Chicago: Third World Press, 1973.
Lee, Rebekah and Jeremy Seekings. "Vigilantism and Popular Justice After Apartheid." In Informal Criminal Justice, edited by Dermot Feenan. Aldershot. England: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2002.
Minnaar. Anthony. "The 'New' Vigilantism in Post-April 1994 South Africa." In Informal Criminal Justice, edited by Dermot Feenan. Aldershot, England: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2002.
Scharf. Wilfried and Daniel Nina, eds. The Other Law: Non-State Ordering in South Africa. Lundsdowne: JUTA Law, 2001.
*Includes: Daniel Nina and Wilfried Scharf, "Introduction: The Other Law?"; Wilfried Scharf, "Policy Options in Community Justice"; Jeremy Seekings, "Social Ordering and Control in the African Townships of South Africa: An Historical Overview of Extra-State Initiatives from the 1940s to the 19905"; Andries Mphoto Mangohwana, "Makgotla in Rural and Urban Contexts"; Daniel Nina, "Popular justice and the 'Appropriation' of the State Monopoly on the Definition of Justice and Order: The Case of the Anti-Crime Committees in Port Elizabeth"; and, Monique Marks and Penny McKenzie, "Alternative Policing Structures? A Look at Youth Defense Structures in Gauteng."
Auld, Jim, et al. "Our Practice: The Blue Book [Designing a System of Restorative Community Justice in Northern Ireland]. "www.restorativejusticeireland.org/ourpractice.html (1997) [accessed November 20, 2002].
Feenan, Dermot. "Community Justice in Conflict: Paramilitary Punishment in Northern Ireland." In Informal Criminal justice, edited by Dermot Feenan. Aldershot, England: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2002.
McEvoy, Kieran and Harry Mika. "Republican Hegemony or Community Ownership? Community Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland." In Informal Criminal justice, edited by Dermot Feenan. Aldershot, England: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2002.
Mika, Harry and Kieran McEvoy. "Restorative Justice in Conflict: Paramilitarism, Community, and the Construction of Legitimacy in Northern Ireland." Comparative Justice Review 4:3-4 (2001).
Munck, Ronnie. "Repression, Insurgency, and Popular Justice: The Irish Case." Crime and Social Justice 21-2 (1984).